International Relations

International Relations Introduction In everyday life, we do not live their own biases, and we always need someone else in our life needs. So did the state, a country not his own life bias in this world. A country needs to establish relations with other countries for several purposes, such as security, economics, etc.. In the case of security interests, a country needs to establish diplomatic relations with neighboring countries for common security, common defense from enemies both outside and from within these countries. In terms of economic interests, the cooperation of export-import goods to make ends meet in their respective countries. A country also needs to make contact with non-governmental organizations for several purposes such as borrowing funds abroad through the IMF, maintenance and cultural exchanges with UNISCO institutions, and many more. All this happened because of International Relations. International Relations diantarnya faham menpunyai many schools of liberalism, realism. Faham-schools of the birth and until now berkembangan begins before the World War I and faham-schools of that evolved in accordance with the interests and development of the world to produce new ideas the better. Discussion • International Relations International Relations is a field of academic and public policy and can be either positive or normative as it seeks to analyze and formulate the foreign policy of certain countries. In addition to political science, international relations using a variety of fields such as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, cultural studies in the study-study. HI covers a wide range of issues, from globalization and its effects on societies and state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, terrorism, organized crime, human security, and rights of human History The history of international relations is often considered to be originated from the [Peace of Westphalia] in [1648], when the modern state system was developed. Previously, organizations of political authority medieval [Europe] is based on a hierarchical order that is not clear. Westphalia the legal concept of sovereignty, which essentially meant that rulers, or sovereignty-legitimate sovereignty will not recognize the other parties who have the same position internally within the limits of the sovereignty of the same region. Authority of ancient Greece and Rome are sometimes similar to the Westphalia system, but they do not have an adequate idea of sovereignty. [Westphalia] encouraged the rise of nation-states (nation-state), the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. System from Europe is exported to America, Africa, and Asia via colonialism, and "standards of civilization". The theory of international relations Mostly the IR theories can be divided into two epistemological camps: "positivist" and "post-positivist". Positivist theories aim to replicate the methods of social sciences to analyze the impact of material forces. These theories typically focus on various aspects such as state interactions, size of military forces, balance of powers and others. Post-positivist epistemology rejects the idea that the social world can be studied in an objective and value-free. Epistemology rejects the central ideas of neo-realisme/liberalisme, such as rational choice theory, arguing that the scientific method can not be applied to the social world and that a 'science' of IR is not possible. A key difference between the two positions is that while positivist theories, such as neo-realism, offering various explanations that causal (such as why and how power is exercised), post-positivist theories of post-positivist focus on constitutive questions, as an example of what is meant by "power"; what things are the shape, how it is experienced and how it is reproduced. Theory, post-positivist theories explicitly promote a normative approach is often to IR, by considering ethics. This is something that is often neglected in IR "traditional" as positivist theories make a distinction between 'facts' and normative judgments, or "values". During the late 1980-an/1990 debate between proponents of positivist theories and the theories supporting the post-positivists became the dominant debate and referred to as the "Great Debate" Third (Lapid 1989.) Positivist theories Realism Realism, in response to liberalism, in essence denying that countries trying to work together. Liberalism / idealism / Liberal Internationalism Liberal international relations theory emerged after World War I in response to the inability of states to control and limit the war in their international relations. Neorealisme Neorealisme mainly the work of Kenneh Waltz (who actually called his theory "structural realism" in his essay in the book entitled Man, the State, and War). Neoliberalism Liberalism, neo-liberalism seeks to reform by agreeing Neorealist assumption that states are key actors in international relations, but still maintains that the actors are not states and intergovernmental organizations are also important. Regime Theory Regime theory comes from the liberal tradition that argues that the various institutions or international regimes affect the behavior of states (as well as other international actors). This theory assumes cooperation can occur in the system of anarchy countries. Pasca-positivis/reflektivis theories International society theory (the English) International society theory, also called the English School, focuses on the various norms and values shared by the countries and how the norms and values they regulate international relations. Examples of such norms that include diplomacy, order, international law. Social constructivism Social Constructivism covers broad range of theories that aim to address questions of ontology, such as the debate about the institution (agency) and structure, as well as questions of epistemology, such as the debate about the "material / ideational" concerned with the relative role of material forces versus ideas. Constructivism is not an IR theory, but the theory of social Marxism Marxist theory and the Neo-Marxist theories of IR reject the realist / liberal on the conflict or cooperation of state, but instead focuses on the economic and material aspects. Marxism makes the assumption that the economy is more important than the problems of others; allowing for the elevation of class as the focus of study. • Kinds of International Organization The classification of international organizations there are a variety, according to terms of views on: • Activities Administration Intergovernmental International Organization (Inter-Government Organization) which commonly abbreviated IGO. Example: UN, ASEAN, SAARC, OAU, NAM, etc. International Organization Non-Government (Non-Government Organization) NGOs commonly abbreviated. Example: IBF, the ICC, the World Council of Mosques, the World Council of Churches, World Blood Donor Association, etc. • Scope (region) activities and membership OrganisasiInternasional Global, regional activities are global (worldwide), and membership is open within the scope of various parts of the world. Example: UN / UNO, OIC / OIC, NAM / NAM, etc. Regional International Organization Region is a regional activity, and membership is only granted to countries in specific areas. Example: ASEAN, OAU, GCC, EC, SAARC, etc. • Field Activities (Operations) Organisasi.BidangEkonomi, for example the International Chamber of Commerce, Division of Environment UNEP example, the Health Sector WHO samples, IDF, etc. ITO samples Mining, Commodity Sector (agriculture and industry) IWTO example, ICO, etc. The field of Customs and International Trade GATT examples, etc. • Foreign Affairs of Indonesia. Indonesian Foreign certain to follow the western countries especially the United States. Whatever the reason, the strongest argument is the reign of certain people in the State and the State Palace environment that has consciously been a supporter of the United States From the side of idealism and nationalism, foreign policy was entering a period of Indonesia's worst with two important notes: • loss of free and active basis. Especially in the implementation of aspects of free / independent in determining attitudes. • Second, Indonesia's foreign policy is no longer reflect the situation in the country but are a handful of elite digenggaman clearly become a stooge of the United States. Indonesia's attitude is almost always uncertain and trying to play it safe by playing a free and active principle which ultimately translates into a calculation of interests and an elite international and domestic reaction. Conclusion International Relations is a field of academic and public policy and can be either positive or normative as it seeks to analyze and formulate the foreign policy of certain countries. International relations existed before World War I, living and growing up now with a lot of changes in accordance with the times. Therefore, many born faham-faham/teori international relations include: Positivif theories: Realism, Liberalism / idealism / Liberal Internationalism, Neorealism, Neoliberalism, Regime Theory Pasca-positivis/reflektivi Theories: International society theory (the English), Social Constructivism, Marxism Bibliography http://intelindonesia.blogspot.com/2007/04/selamat-politik-luar-negeri-indonesia.html http://one.indosktipsi.com/judul-skripsi-makalah-tentang/penggolongan-organisasi-internasional. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/hubungan-internasional Name: Teguh Wibowo Prodi / classes: PGSD 08 / C NIM: 08144600117
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